**V-Med supplies a combination of TB500 and BPC 157 in an easy to use nasal spray. This is a very unique product brought to market through V-Med Labs innovative processes and formulations. **

To explain the two compounds found in this formulation we are going to have to discuss the two active pharmaceutical ingredients separately. 

Dosage: Four nasal sprays would constitute one single dose. The 20ml bottle has 20 doses per bottle. 

BPC 157 (Body Repair Compound number 157)

Over the counter supplements for joint health such as glucosamine and chondroitin have been subject to skepticism over the years. BPC-157 offers a new and exciting route in the treatment and prevention of joint issues, as it appears to catalyze regenerative effects both on a cellular and hormonal level. BPC might represent a quantum leap in advancement for treating injuries and enhancing vitality/performance.

What is BPC 157?

Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC-157 is is a synthetic peptide chain. A peptide is simply a sequence of amino acids. BCP specifically is composed of 15 amino acids derived from a protective protein found in the stomach. BPC, short for 'body protective compound', is already found in human gastric juices in small amounts to heal the gut, but can be taken supplementally to benefit anywhere in the body. BPC-157 is a cytoprotective compound, meaning its actions include aiding the healing process including remodeling and protective effects. It can also protect against oxidative stress.

BPC 157 uses

BPC has been found by multiple studies to have a significant effect in stimulating angiogenesis – the production of new vessels by modulating a growth factor known as VEGF. What this does is encourage the growth of capillaries into new areas, and this in turn enables blood, and henceforth nutrient, delivery to that area – a process which drives healing.

The growth hormone stimulating properties of BPC-157 has also been suggested to stimulate cell growth. When applied to areas such as the joint tendons, this could lead to not only the tendon healing but total regeneration over time and also a reduction in joint pain and inflammation (Chang et al. 2011, 2014).

In addition to the benefits it appears to deliver in terms of joint health, it appears to aid healing in other areas of the body. A reduction in inflammatory intestinal markers after BPC-157 usage was linked to an improvement in conditions such as fistulas and short bowel syndrome (Grgic et al. 2016). One study even demonstrated that BPC-157 may help ameliorate damage caused by Parkinson's Disease (Sikiric et al. 1999) while a second study showed a reduction in brain damage caused by multiple sclerosis (Klicek et al. 2013)

It represents a massive jump in performance enhancement, not just in terms of joint healing but also its ability to reduce damage in organs, bones, the digestive tract, have neuroprotective effects and even improve stomach ulcer recovery.

Does BPC 157 work?

Most of the research we have on BPC right now has been conducted on animals or isolated cells. Despite these, anecdotal evidence is overwhelmingly positive and supplementing with BPC following injuries or surgeries is becoming increasingly more popular, especially in those who want a fast return to training such as powerlifters and bodybuilders. With a long list of benefits of BPC-157 supplementation and usually only a fairly low cost, it is certainly something to consider when other supplements and therapies have failed.

BPC 157 benefits & side effects

BPC 157 benefits

There have been many positive effects noted by those who have experimented with the use of BPC-157 for issues including bone healing, ligament healing, general regenerative properties and more. We will list just a small few of the key health benefits here.

BPC 157 side effects

BPC-157 side effects (if any) are usually mild, especially when used at the proper dosage. Regardless, it is worth noting that research on BPC is still limited. We can however look to side effects associated with other peptides to hypothesize what we might need to look out for.

BPC 157 dangers (is it actually safe?)

BPC-157 is considered safe for use. As it is naturally found in gastric juices, it is well tolerated by the body. It is however important to note that human clinical trials are still limited and side effects, as above, have been reported. We cannot say for sure long-term use implications may be at this point. As with any supplement in this stage, we would advise ceasing use if any concerns to arise.

As far as tested athletes are concerned - BPC is not currently on the WADA banned list under the section naming “peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics” (as of October 2020). This means that natural bodybuilders and sportspeople might use it without risk of bans.

BPC 157 dosage guidelines

The typical BPC-157 dosage for intramuscular injection is 200 to 300 micrograms (mcg) per day, in a single daily injection, taken consistently each day for up to 4 weeks. This works out to around 2.5 to 3.75 micrograms per kilogram of body weight for an 80kg adult, but as little as 1mcg/kg has been studied to provide benefits.

Dosage for oral administration may need to be higher to take into consideration the amount of drug that will be lost in the digestive tract, but is still an effective way to take BPC. When taking it this way we suggest users ensure they dose it with food. Our suggested supplement would be glucosamine and chondroitin which contains a blend of synergistic ingredients aside from BPC-157 alone for supercharged recuperation of not just tendons but cartilage and combating inflammation.

Like any supplement, we'd suggest starting with the lowest effective dosage and monitoring your response and results over time.

Consult with your healthcare professional before looking to treat or manage any illness or injury yourself with supplements including BPC.

FAQs

Is BPC 157 a steroid?

BPC-157 is not a steroid. It is a peptide, or chain of amino acids. It does not have the anabolic or androgenic effects of AAS. Instead, it may assist athletes by assisting the repair and regeneration of muscles and connective tissues among other benefits.

Does BPC 157 Build Muscle?

BPC does not directly build muscle, however in bodybuilders looking to optimize recovery between sessions and stay injury-free, it can increase how frequently you can train to a high intensity without having to take a step back.

What does BPC 157 stand for?

BPC is short for “Body Protection Compound”. BPC-157 is a synthetic strain of Peptide extracted from a protein found in the gastrointestinal tract in a highly concentrated form.

Can you take BPC 157 orally?

You can indeed take BPC-157 orally with capsule supplements such as Unbreakable by Hydrazine utilizing orally-active BPC. A higher dose may be needed to achieve the same results but this is preferable to many and avoids risks associated with self-injecting.

How long does BPC 157 take to work?

You might see results from BPC-157 in as little as 24-48 hours, depending on the severity of the injury it is being used to treat. If you do not immediately see the results you want, we'd suggest waiting a week or two before thinking about adjusting dosage.

Does BPC 157 raise blood pressure?

In rats, BPC 157 actually stabilized blood sugar. Only when combined with l-arginine did it increase blood pressure. We do not currently have enough evidence to confidently say whether this would be replicated in human subjects.

Is BPC 157 systemic?

BPC does not need to be injected at the point of injury (for example, if the pain is coming from the achilles tendon). This is why whether you inject subcutaneously, intramuscularly, take bpc-157 orally or use a spray it is effective. This is one of the reasons that makes peptide therapy so appealing 

to athletes.

References: 

1. Instagram - @international_muscle_page
2. Instagram - @joseph_davidson_jaco
3. https://www.predatornutrition.com/articlesdetail?cid=bpc-157-benefits-and-side-effects

TB 500 Injury repair peptide

TB-500 is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring peptide thymosin beta-4, aka timbetasin. Research on TB-500 usually refers to it as synthetic thymosin beta-4.

Human studies on TB-500 are lacking, but the peptide is the subject of active research due to the regenerative properties of thymosin beta-4.

Thymosin beta-4 is found in every cell in the human body except erythrocytes, and is thought to play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration.

If you’re a researcher looking to incorporate TB-500 into your work, this guide will provide you with the latest information on TB-500′s mechanism of action, uses, and side effects.

We also include details on how to dose and administer TB-500 in research settings.

What is TB-500?

TB-500 is a synthetic form of thymosin beta-4 (TB4), an endogenous human peptide that is made of 43 amino acids and can be found in virtually all cells of the body, especially in platelets and white blood cells [1]. TB4 was first isolated in 1981 by Low and Goldstein from bovine thymus gland extract [2].

The synthetic version, TB-500, has not been approved for human use and is available solely as a research chemical. It was first manufactured in the early 2010s for veterinary use. TB-500 has been used as a doping agent in horse racing and consecutively banned for providing an unfair advantage in that sport [3, 4].

Thymosin beta-4 and its derivatives, including TB-500, are likewise banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and thus prohibited for use by competitive athletes subject to the WADA Code and comparable national and regional regulatory bodies [5].

TB-500 is nonetheless under active research for its potential effects on cell migration and tissue repair, formation of new blood vessels, maturation of stem cells, survival of various cell types, and anti-inflammatory action [1, 6].

TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 have poor oral bioavailability, and thus can only be administered via injections in experimental settings.

Yet, a naturally occurring fragment of thymosin beta-4, called N-acetyl seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP), is an orally active peptide thought to possess similar antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic properties, and effects on cell migration and survival [7, 8].

It has been investigated as an inhibitor of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and a chemoprotective agent [9, 10]. Researchers may find the TB-500 fragment included in innovative TB-500 capsule formulas intended for tissue repair and recovery.

What Does TB-500 Do?

The mechanisms of action of TB-500 are still under investigation, but scientists already have some insight into the workings of its natural counterpart, thymosin beta-4.

Thymosin beta-4 appears to work as an actin-binding protein that inhibits the polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) into filamentous actin (F-actin) [11, 12]. The process is called actin sequestration and results in upregulated G-actin levels [13].

Actin is a major component of the cellular cytoskeleton that provides structural support to cells and is involved in various cellular processes, including cell motility. Thymosin beta-4 appears to bind with actin primarily (but not only) via its central actin-binding domain (aa 17-23), also known as Ac-LKKTETQ [14].

The prevention of F-actin polymerization by thymosin beta-4 alters the cellular cytoskeleton, which affects the ability of cells to move and change shape. This process has implications for various physiological and pathological processes where cell motility is crucial, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer metastasis [15].

In addition, thymosin beta-4 can be found outside of cells (extracellularly) in blood plasma or in wound fluid. Research in blood vessel cells suggests that the application of extracellular thymosin beta-4 may also regulate processes such as cell motility and angiogenesis. It was found to act extracellularly by interacting with cell surface-located ATP synthase enzymes, cellular enzymes involved in the energy production of the cell [16, 17].

Extracellular thymosin beta-4 may also get oxidized in sites of inflammation to thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide, and the latter is thought to have potent anti-inflammatory properties [18].

Thymosin beta-4 may likewise reduce inflammation by increasing the expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), thought to decrease the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines called L-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) [19].

TB-500 Benefits | State of Research

Research on TB-500 and its natural counterpart, thymosin beta-4, is still in the early stages.

Limited clinical trials available, and the majority of studies are laboratory experiments performed in vitro or in test animals.

With that in mind, explore some of the potential benefits associated with TB-500 and thymosin beta-4.

TB-500 for Wound Healing

Due to its potential effects on cell migration, TB-500 has been proposed to facilitate the mobilization and differentiation of progenitor cells, which may speed up the healing of wounds in various tissues, including the skin, blood vessels, and cornea.

Among the few trials conducted in human subjects was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study involving 73 patients with venous stasis ulcers given local thymosin beta-4 for 84 days.

The trial was conducted across eight European sites, and upon analysis of the results, the researchers reported that the peptide was safe and well-tolerated, with a placebo-comparable safety profile.

Efficacy results from this phase-2 study suggest that a topically administered thymosin beta-4 dose of 0.03% has the potential to accelerate wound healing, having achieved complete wound healing within three months in approximately 25% of patients. It was further reported to decrease the median time to healing by 45% among those whose wounds completely closed [20].

Another phase-2 study examined the effect of thymosin beta-4 as an ophthalmic solution in 72 subjects with moderate to severe dry eye receiving either 0.1% TB4 or a placebo for 28 days.

Damage to the eye cornea related to the dry eye syndrome was measured via corneal staining. The results showed significant improvements in central and superior corneal staining, while no side effects were reported [21].

Similarly, a 56-day phase-2 clinical trial included nine patients with severe dry eye who were treated with either thymosin beta-4 ophthalmic solution or placebo for 28 days, followed by a 28-day follow-up.

At day 56, the six patients taking thymosin beta-4 demonstrated a 35.1% reduction in ocular discomfort compared to a 59.1% reduction in total corneal fluorescein staining compared to the control group [22].

A trial by the same researchers also reported that thymosin beta-4 as an ophthalmic solution was applied to nine patients with chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal ulcers and reported that amongst six of the patients who had geographic corneal defects, there was significant healing without neovascularization [23].

TB-500 for Muscle Recovery

Scientists have reported increased expression of thymosin beta-4 in murine models of skeletal muscle injury and regeneration, especially in the early stages.

Notably, the peptide has been found to contribute to wound healing and promotes chemotaxis of myoblasts, accelerating wound closure. Its sulphoxide form is particularly effective in attracting myoblasts derived from muscle satellite cells, facilitating skeletal muscle regeneration [24].

Clinical studies have also investigated the effects of thymosin beta-4 in repairing cardiac muscle rather than skeletal muscle tissue.

In one clinical trial, researchers aimed to investigate the role of thymosin beta-4 in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who were receiving intracardiac injections of bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC) therapy. There were 13 patients and 14 controls included.

The results showed a significant increase in plasma thymosin beta-4 levels 24 hours after intracardiac injection of BMSCs. Moreover, the increase in TB4 levels was associated with an improvement in the patients’ symptom score and severity [25].

Another clinical trial investigated the effect of thymosin beta-4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation via an intravascular catheter in patients with acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Ten patients with STEMI were included and randomly assigned to two groups: a EPC transplantation group (control) and a thymosin beta-4 pre-treated EPC transplantation group.

After six months of follow-up, the experimental group showed a significant increase in average six-minute walking distance compared to the control group. Additionally, the thymosin beta-4 group exhibited significant improvement in cardiac function compared to the control group, without any severe complications noted [26].

TB-500 for Reducing Inflammation

As previously noted, thymosin beta-4 and especially its oxidized form provide potent anti-inflammatory benefits when acting extracellularly [18].

In one experiment, researchers used a murine model of liver injury to investigate the potential effects of thymosin beta-4 on inflammation and oxidative stress.

The results showed that one week of intraperitoneal thymosin beta-4 injections reduced markers of liver injury and prevented changes in liver pathology.

TB4 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation while increasing antioxidant levels. It inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, thus suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and preventing liver fibrosis [27].

Scientists have also hypothesized that the peptide may provide benefits in clinical trials with patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although no research has investigated this potential in humans [28].

TB-500 Side Effects

As of writing, there has been no consensus among researchers as to what, if any, side effects may occur from administering TB-500. This is due primarily to the notable lack of clinical research on the adverse effects of TB-500 or thymosin beta-4.

One of the few trials on the topic was published in 2010 and included 10 healthy volunteers. The study reported that the side effects of synthetic thymosin beta-4 were infrequent, and mild to moderate in intensity [29].

There were only a few cases of headache, dizziness, and feverish feelings that were deemed to potentially be associated with thymosin beta-4. There were no dose-limiting toxicities or serious adverse events reported.

The study found that synthetic TB4 was well-tolerated when administered intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days at a dose range of 42-1260mg. Despite these high doses, no clinically significant findings were observed in vital signs, ECG evaluations, or physical exams [29].

A more recent trial included 54 healthy participants and also reported no serious side effects after 10 days of intravenous thymosin beta-4 administration.

The cohorts received ascending doses ranging from 0.05-25.0mcg/kg in a single-dose trial, and then 30 of the subjects were randomly enrolled in the multiple-dose trial receiving 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0μg/kg daily for 10 days with a 28 day follow-up. There were only mild to moderate adverse reactions with similar incidence and severity in both the treatment and control groups [30].

Researchers should also note that the process of administering TB-500 via injection may lead to local side effects. These may include injection site pain, reddening, bleeding, and inflammation.

Researchers should keep in mind that neither TB-500 nor thymosin beta-4 have been evaluated for safety by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or comparable regulatory body.

Is TB-500 Safe?

Researchers should keep in mind that neither TB-500 nor thymosin beta-4 have been evaluated for safety by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or comparable regulatory body.

Any statements or findings related to TB-500 should thus be approached with caution.

Further, researchers should remember to exercise proper care when administering TB-500 to test subjects, as with any experiment involving research peptides.

Nonetheless, all published pre-clinical and clinical studies involving TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 have shown limited incidence of only mild to moderate adverse effects, which have not differed significantly from placebo.

TB-500 Dosage Calculator and Chart

It’s worth noting that due to the lack of published research on TB-500, there are currently no specific dosage recommendations for research purposes.

The available research primarily involves animal models or test subjects, and the findings from these studies cannot be directly applied to humans.

The limited human studies conducted with injectable thymosin beta-4 report TB-500 dosing that varies greatly and administered at a maximum duration of 14 days. There are no clinical studies involving TB-500 peptide therapy courses longer than two weeks [29, 30].

Alternatively, thymosin beta-4 has also been effectively used topically in clinical trials at concentrations of 0.03% for over three months. Topical use has also shown excellent safety and tolerability [20].

Based on current information, TB-500 injections for injury recovery may be administered based on the following schedule:

TB-500 Daily Dose: 2mg, administered subcutaneously

Study Duration: 15 days

Notes: Three vials of TB-500 10mg are required to complete this protocol. Following the two week period, researchers may continue administering a daily maintenance dose of 1mg, as needed, to achieve full or near-full recovery.

How to Reconstitute TB-500

Injectable TB-500 is commonly shipped in the form of lyophilized powder that needs to be reconstituted with a sterile solvent. While sterile water can be used, most researchers instead opt for bacteriostatic water, which contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol to prevent microbial growth.

After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, the peptide may be administered for up to four weeks. On the other hand, if sterile water is used, the reconstituted peptide is only usable for 24 hours, even when refrigerated, as sterile water does not inhibit microbial growth.

To reconstitute TB-500 correctly, researchers will need the following materials:

After obtaining all materials needed for reconstitution, follow the following guidelines on how to reconstitute TB-500:

TB-500 Injections | A-Z Guide

According to the available research, injectable TB-500 has been studied in a variety of ways, including intravenous and intraperitoneal applications. One of the easiest and safest ways to apply peptides for research is the subcutaneous route. Researchers who plan on using reconstituted peptides for research should familiarize themselves with the proper technique for subcutaneous administration:

Use sterile needles for each injection, and consider numbing cream or ice to reduce pain or discomfort.

Disinfect the injection site and pinch at least 2 inches of the subject’s skin with your non-dominant hand while accounting for variations in subcutaneous fat.

Keep the bevel up to avoid skin tearing and insert the insulin needle quickly in the pinched skin at a 45° angle.

Slowly inject the peptide, wait a few seconds, and remove the needle. Apply light pressure without massaging.

Properly dispose of used needles and always use new sterile needles and syringes for subsequent injections. By following these guidelines, researchers can safely conduct experiments with research peptides such as TB-500.

Is TB-500 Legal?

TB-500 is not approved for human use. The peptide is a research chemical strictly intended for laboratory experimentation. It is legal to buy and possess only if you are a researcher or qualified laboratory professional who intends to use it in in vitro experiments.

Since the majority of research on thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 is currently in the preclinical stage, and clinical research is scarce, the peptide should not be procured or used for personal use.

As mentioned, the peptide is currently banned by WADA as well as in competitive horse racing.

WADA categorizes TB-500 as a prohibited substance in class S2, which includes growth factors and growth factor modulators. According to this prohibition, athletes should avoid the peptide at all times, including in and out of competition, training, and off-season [5].

TB-500 | FAQ

How to take TB-500

TB-500 is administered to test subjects via injection. Animal and human studies report subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous administration. It has also been applied topically and as pre-treated implants. The TB-500 fragment Ac-SDKP is also included in capsule-based formulations.

How is TB-500 delivered?

TB-500 for research purposes typically comes as lyophilized powder in sterile vials that require reconstitution before administration to test subjects.

Does TB-500 increase testosterone?

No, there is no data to suggest that TB-500 increases or affects testosterone levels.

Does TB-500 build muscle?

No, there is no data to suggest that TB-500 stimulates muscle building, but it may stimulate muscle tissue regeneration.

Does TB-500 cause weight gain?

No, there is no data suggesting that TB-500 causes weight gain.

Is TB-500 a steroid?

No, TB-500 is not a steroid and does not possess any similarities with anabolic-androgenic steroids in terms of structure or mechanisms of action. TB-500. Just. Works.

TB-500 is a synthetic version of thymosin-beta 4, a protein that occurs naturally in almost all human and animal cells and plays key roles in cell migration, differentiation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and managing inflammation.

The potential benefits of TB-500 include muscle regeneration, wound healing, anti-inflammatory benefits, and more! Extensive human studies are lacking, as research on this compound is still in its early stages.

It is banned by WADA for use in competitive athletics and prohibited in competitive horse racing due to its perceived performance-enhancing effects.

Qualified scientists who plan to use TB-500 in in vitro testing may legally obtain it as a reference material.

References

1. Goldstein, A. L., Hannappel, E., Sosne, G., & Kleinman, H. K. (2012). Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 12(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.634793
2. Low, T. L., Hu, S. K., & Goldstein, A. L. (1981). Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta-4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78(2), 1162–1166. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.2.1162
3. Ho, E. N., Kwok, W. H., Lau, M. Y., Wong, A. S., Wan, T. S., Lam, K. K., Schiff, P. J., & Stewart, B. D. (2012). Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. A, 1265, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.043
4. Kwok, W. H., Ho, E. N., Lau, M. Y., Leung, G. N., Wong, A. S., & Wan, T. S. (2013). Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 405(8), 2595–2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6697-9
5. World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2022. WADA website. January 1, 2022. Accessed June 2023. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf
6. Crockford, D., Turjman, N., Allan, C., & Angel, J. (2010). Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1194, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x
7. Kassem, K. M., Vaid, S., Peng, H., Sarkar, S., & Rhaleb, N. E. (2019). TB4-Ac-SDKP pathway: Any relevance for the cardiovascular system?. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 97(7), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0570
8. Nitta, K., Shi, S., Nagai, T., Kanasaki, M., Kitada, M., Srivastava, S. P., Haneda, M., Kanasaki, K., & Koya, D. (2016). Oral Administration of N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline Ameliorates Kidney Disease in Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Mice via a Therapeutic Regimen. BioMed research international, 2016, 9172157. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9172157
9. Bogden, A. E., Moreau, J. P., Gamba-Vitalo, C., Deschamps de Paillette, E., Tubiana, M., Frindel, E., & Carde, P. (1998). Goralatide (AcSDKP), a negative growth regulator, protects the stem cell compartment during chemotherapy, enhancing the myelopoietic response to GM-CSF. International journal of cancer, 76(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980330)76:1<38::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-z
10. Ezan, E., Carde, P., Le Kerneau, J., Ardouin, T., Thomas, F., Isnard, F., Deschamps de Paillette, E., & Grognet, J. M. (1994). Pharmcokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients of NAc-SDKP (seraspenide), a negative regulator of hematopoiesis. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 22(6), 843–848.
11. Sanders, M. C., Goldstein, A. L., & Wang, Y. L. (1992). Thymosin beta-4 (Fx peptide) is a potent regulator of actin polymerization in living cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(10), 4678–4682. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.10.4678
12. Irobi, E., Aguda, A. H., Larsson, M., Guerin, C., Yin, H. L., Burtnick, L. D., Blanchoin, L., & Robinson, R. C. (2004). Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. The EMBO journal, 23(18), 3599–3608. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600372
13. Belsky, J. B., Rivers, E. P., Filbin, M. R., Lee, P. J., & Morris, D. C. (2018). Thymosin beta-4 regulation of actin in sepsis. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 18(sup1), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1448381
14. Sosne, G., Qiu, P., Goldstein, A. L., & Wheater, M. (2010). Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 24(7), 2144–2151. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-142307
15. Yadav, T., Gau, D., & Roy, P. (2022). Mitochondria-actin cytoskeleton crosstalk in cell migration. Journal of cellular physiology, 237(5), 2387–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30729
16. Huff, T., Müller, C. S., Otto, A. M., Netzker, R., & Hannappel, E. (2001). beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 33(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00087-x
17. Freeman, K. W., Bowman, B. R., & Zetter, B. R. (2011). Regenerative protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel regulator of purinergic signaling. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 25(3), 907–915. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-169417
18. Young, J. D., Lawrence, A. J., MacLean, A. G., Leung, B. P., McInnes, I. B., Canas, B., Pappin, D. J., & Stevenson, R. D. (1999). Thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids. Nature medicine, 5(12), 1424–1427. https://doi.org/10.1038/71002
19. Santra, M., Zhang, Z. G., Yang, J., Santra, S., Santra, S., Chopp, M., & Morris, D. C. (2014). Thymosin β4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like pro-inflammatory pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry, 289(28), 19508–19518. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.529966
20. Guarnera, G., DeRosa, A., Camerini, R., & 8 European sites (2010). The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1194, 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05490.x
21. Sosne, G., & Ousler, G. W. (2015). Thymosin beta-4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ), 9, 877–884. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S80954
22. Sosne, G., Dunn, S. P., & Kim, C. (2015). Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea, 34(5), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000379
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